For how long can some pathogenic organisms found in wastewater survive temperature extremes?

Some pathogenic organisms found in wastewater can indeed survive temperature extremes for extended periods, and research indicates that certain pathogens can remain viable for as long as 2 years. This resilience is primarily due to their ability to enter a dormant state in unfavorable environmental conditions, allowing them to endure extreme temperatures, both hot and cold. The survival span can vary widely among different microorganisms, but many bacteria and viruses possess mechanisms to withstand desiccation and temperature shocks. Understanding this survival capability is essential for waste management and public health, as it informs how long such pathogens may remain a risk in the environment after wastewater is released.

In this context, the other durations mentioned are shorter than what many studies have documented regarding the persistence of these organisms in extreme temperatures, leaving the correct answer as the one that reflects the longest known viability period.