Trickling filters are effective at removing which percentage of viruses and bacteria?

Trickling filters are biological treatment processes used in wastewater management that involve the passage of sewage or wastewater over a surface that supports the growth of microorganisms. These microorganisms, which include bacteria, utilize the organic matter in the wastewater as a food source, effectively breaking it down and promoting the removal of both organic pollutants and pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria.

The efficiency of trickling filters in removing pathogens can be attributed to several factors. First, the biofilm that develops on the filter media not only degrades organic material but also captures and retains microorganisms present in the wastewater. As the water trickles down over the media, the microorganisms are exposed to a combination of air and constant flow, which enhances their ability to eliminate contaminants, including pathogens.

Research indicates that trickling filters can achieve virus and bacteria removal efficiencies in the range of 90-95%. This high level of removal is particularly effective for bacteria, but it also significantly reduces the presence of viruses, contributing to the overall safety and quality of treated wastewater. This efficiency makes trickling filters a common choice in wastewater treatment plants, especially in preliminary and secondary treatment stages.

In summary, the range of 90-95% is reflective of the biological effectiveness of trickling filters in pathogen removal, aligning