Which method of sludge disposal is typically known for its high energy consumption?

Incineration is recognized for its high energy consumption primarily due to the process involved in burning sludge at extremely high temperatures. This method not only requires significant energy to maintain these temperatures but also involves energy-intensive systems for air emissions control and ash handling. The combustion process effectively reduces the volume of sludge and minimizes pathogens, making it a method that offers certain advantages in terms of waste management.

In contrast, landfilling, land application, and composting generally have lower energy demands. Landfilling relies on physical space and the method of burying waste, land application utilizes natural processes to return nutrients to the soil, and composting involves biological processes that typically require less energy. Therefore, while each method has its own advantages and drawbacks, incineration stands out due to the substantial energy required for efficient operation and compliance with environmental regulations.