Which of the following systems typically incorporates membrane technology for wastewater treatment?

Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) represent a cutting-edge approach in wastewater treatment that combines biological treatment processes with membrane filtration technology. In MBRs, biological processes, such as activated sludge or fixed film processes, occur simultaneously with the separation of solids and liquids using membranes. This integration enhances the treatment efficiency and results in high-quality effluent that is free of suspended solids and a reduced amount of pathogens.

Membrane technology in MBRs allows for the continuous separation of treated wastewater from the biomass, leading to improved control over the treatment process and the ability to achieve higher concentrations of biomass. This not only helps in maximizing the biological treatment but also reduces the footprint of the treatment system compared to traditional methods.

In contrast, the other systems listed do not typically involve membrane technology. Activated sludge systems primarily rely on aeration and settling processes, trickling filters use biological media for treatment without membranes, and sedimentation tanks focus on gravity separation of solids from liquids, all of which do not utilize membrane technology as a core component of the treatment process. Thus, the distinguishing factor of MBRs is their unique incorporation of membrane technology, which is why they are the correct answer in this context.